Consonant shift rules: English to German

1. 'p' to 'ff'/'f'

Examples: 'ship' in English is 'Schiff' in German

2. 'p' to 'pf'

Examples: compare 'pepper' with 'Pfeffer', and 'plough' with 'Pflug'.

3. 't'/'d' to 'ss'/'s'/'ts'/'tz'

Examples: 'eat' in English vs. 'essen' in German, or 'set' in English vs 'setzen' in German

4. 't' to 'z'

Examples: 'tinder' in English vs. 'Zunder' in German

5. 'k'/'gh' to 'ch'

Examples: Hence 'make' becomes 'machen' and 'night' becomes 'Nacht'

6. 'd'/'th' to 't'

Examples: This is why 'day' and 'Tag', 'father' and 'Vater' are related. Also ‘fold' with 'falten', 'hold' with 'halten’

7. 't'/'th' to 'd'

Examples: Thus, 'think' aligns with 'denken', 'thirst' with 'Durst', 'south' with 'Süden'

Consonant shift rules: German to English

1. 'ff'/'f' to 'p'

Examples: 'ship' in English is 'Schiff' in German

2 'pf' to 'p'

Examples: compare 'pepper' with 'Pfeffer', and 'plough' with 'Pflug'.

3. 'ss'/'s'/'ts'/'tz' to 't'/'d'

Examples: 'eat' in English vs. 'essen' in German, or 'set' in English vs 'setzen' in German

4. 'z' to 't'

Examples: 'tinder' in English vs. 'Zunder' in German

5. 'ch' to 'k'/'gh'

Examples: Hence 'make' becomes 'machen' and 'night' becomes 'Nacht'

6. 't' to 'd'/'th'

Examples: This is why 'day' and 'Tag', 'father' and 'Vater' are related. Also ‘fold' with 'falten', 'hold' with 'halten’

7. 'd' to 't'/'th'

Examples: Thus, 'think' aligns with 'denken', 'thirst' with 'Durst', 'south' with 'Süden'